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The level of steel making and steel utilisation  of a country or region depends on the demographic evolution and on the technical and economic state of development. In the period from 1900 to 2005 , world crude steel production rose from 40 mill. t to more than 1,1  bill. t. Germany ranks in sixth place with an annual output of 44,7 mill. t in 2005, while the EU economic area was the world's second largest steel producer until 2002 . China took over first that position in 2002. Steel is, and will continue to be, the no. 1 material in this century with the best price/performance ratio.

 Process routes for the production of crude steel

Iron ores are primary raw materials and are imported predominantly from Brazil, Canada, Australia and Sweden. The use of steel scrap to make steel is one of the oldest methods of recycling.

2. Process routes

2.1 Iron ore - blast furnace - converter process route
With this process route, iron ores, fluxes and coke as well as other reductants such as coal, oil, gas or processed waste plastics are firstly reduced in blast furnaces into hot metal, which is then converted into crude steel in downstream basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel plants.

Principle of the blast furnace process

A blast furnace is a shaft-like unit that operates according to the countercurrent principle. The coarse-grained charge materials (coke and burden, i.e. iron ore + fluxes) are charged via the furnace top, while reducing gas flows upward, counter to the descending burden.

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